Field Trips Guide Books - From P14 to P36

P14 - HISTORICAL-GEOLOGICAL EVENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON MAN
T. S. Pescatore, A. Cinque, M. R. Senatore, C. Rosskopf, A. Cinque, C. Caiazzo, T. S. Pescatore, M. Boscaino, G. Capretto, F. Pinto, M. R. Senatore, G. Robustelli, C. Rosskopf, V. Ceglia, A. Ciarallo, G. Greco, G. Tocco, G. Avagliano, G. Bisogno, C. A. Fiammenghi & M. Russo
This field trip tackles a multidisciplinary subject in a highly cultural context, that of Southern Italy. The mutual relationship between the occurrence of recent geological events and the course of historical events in the last 2,500 years will be demonstrated at several sites in Southern Italy. In each site a detailed geological reconstruction, emphasizing the evolution of the environment, will be compared with the development of human civilization (especially Greek and Roman). We will examine the main changes in geological features and the archeological evidence of catastrophic events, such as the volcanic eruptions (i.e. Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 A.D.), high magnitude earthquakes (i.e. Saepinum in 360 A.D.) and significant floods (i.e. Benevento in Late Roman times). The proposed sites, some of them considered the most exciting in the world, will be visited with contributions by archeologists.

P15 - SEDIMENTARY AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SELECTED NEOGENE-QUATERNARY BASINS OF THE APENNINES (ITALY)
M. Sagri, I.P. Martini, V. Pascucci, G.P. Cavinato & F. Sandrelli
During Neogene and Quaternary times, Apennine sedimentary basins developed in extensional, transtensional and compressional regimes. The purpose of this field trip will be to show sedimentary successions and structural features connected with the formation and the evolution of these basins. The selected areas are (i) Southern Tuscany where dominant extension, possibly punctuated by compression, occurred in the late Miocene-Pliocene and (ii) Latium and Abruzzo where extension and transtension occurred in late Pliocene and Pleistocene times. The field trip will cover areas where the archeological and historical heritage of Italy can be observed from the Bronze Age through Etruscan and Roman times up to the Middle Ages. The magnificent medieval cities of Siena, Montalcino and L'Aquila will be visited. In addition, driving through Italy will provide the opportunity to discover different life styles, traditions, foods and wines.

P18 - THE APULIA CARBONATE PLATFORM-MARGIN AND SLOPE,LATE JURASSIC TO EOCENE OF THE MAIELLA MT. AND GARGANO PROMONTORY: PHYSICAL STRATIGRAPHY AND ARCHITECTURE
M. Morsilli, G. Rusciadelli & A. Bosellini
The main goal of this field trip will be the observation of the stratigraphic architecture of the Eastern margin, and its related slope and basin sediments of the Apulia carbonate platform along the unique on-land outcrop areas ( the Maiella Mountain and the Gargano Promontory). The Apulia carbonate platform represents a case study of a margin with very different evolution through time, from a progradational to aggradational trend and from erosional to by-pass. Very spectacular geometries and different systems are visible, in some cases at seismic scale view, in these areas. Onlap, interfingering, erosional features at different scale, slumping, breccia bodies, graded beds and pelagic sediments, are the main geometric features and related products. Drowning unconformity, scalloped margin and coalescence of various platform systems through time are the interpreted mechanisms that have driven the evolution of this carbonate platform. Many sites of cultural interest are present in the Gargano National Park. Beautiful landscapes, flora and fauna, cultural and religious traditions and delicious food are the main attractions of Apulia.

P20 - A GEOLOGICAL TRANSECT ACROSS THE SOUTHERN APENNINES ALONG THE SEISMIC LINE CROP 04
E. Patacca & P. Scandone
The Southern Apennine mountain chain is a complex fold-and-thrust belt built up during Neogene and Quaternary times. It basically consists of a buried duplex system of Mesozoic-Tertiary carbonate thrust sheets overlain by a thick pile of rootless nappes derived from platform and basin depositional realms. This trip will aim to illustrate a regional geological section across the entire thrust belt-foredeep-foreland system in the Campania-Basilicata-Apulia region. The transect, extending from the Tyrrhenian coast to the Adriatic, integrates stratigraphical and structural surface data with subsurface information partly derived from petroleum exploration and partly derived from the non-commercial line CROP 04. The latter is a reflection seismic line that allowed the recognition of well-organized events down to 9-10 seconds TWT, that is to say to depths exceeding 25 km. During the field trip, beautiful archeological and historical sites will be visited, including Paestum, the important town of Magna Grecia, Venosa, the hometown of the Latin poet Horace and Castel del Monte with its splendid medieval castle built by Emperor Frederick II.

P22 - GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SLOPE INSTABILITY IN THE DOLOMITES (NORTHERN ITALY): FROM LATEGLACIAL TO RECENT GEOMORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
L. Borgatti, M. Soldati, A. Corsini, A. Galoppo, A. Ghinoi, M. Marchetti, E. Oddone, M. Panizza, A. Pasuto, G.B. Pellegrini, E. Schiavon, C. Siorpaes, N. Surian & F. Tagliavini
This field trip will start in Venice and continue in mountainous areas (the Dolomites, North-Eastern Italian Alps) of unique geological and environmental interest, known worldwide for their spectacular scenery (e.g. Cortina d'Ampezzo). From the scientific viewpoint, the field trip will focus on geomorphology and engineering geology applied to slope instability. The main goal will be to show significant cases of mass movements of various type, size and age, which have affected the Dolomitic valleys since the retreat of the LGM glaciers including the recent catastrophic Vajont landslide (1963), which caused more than 2,000 casualties. Secondary goals are to highlight the relationships between geological structures and landscape evolution and to show the influence of Holocene climatic variations on slope instability phenomena. The field trip will also have a cultural interest, both artistic (visits to Venice and Verona) and historical (the sites and remnants of World War I battles in the Dolomites).

P25 - TRAVERTINES OF TUSCANY AND LATIUM (CENTRAL ITALY)
A. Minissale & N.C. Sturchio
Tuscany and Latium are unique for the quality and quantity of their travertine deposits. Genesis of travertines during the Late Quaternary is related to the lithology, hydrology, fluxes of heat and CO2, structural geology, climate, and volcanology of the peri-Tyrrhenian area (Roman Comagmatic Province). Topics to be considered during the trip are: i) neotectonics, ii) paleoclimate and hydrology, iii) geothermal activity, including gas vents and thermal springs (Larderello, Saturnia, and elsewhere), and iv) archeology. Aside from these topics, the field trip will show the quarrying, exploitation and modern use of travertines (Tivoli quarries) as well as its use in Roman times (the Colosseum, Villa Adriana at Tivoli), Renaissance and Baroque times (Villa d'Este at Tivoli and monuments in Rome), and the 20th century (EUR in Rome). This field trip will be of general scientific and historical interest to geologists, geochemists, and archeologists.

P27 - NORTHERN APENNINE AND CORSICA OPHIOLITES: THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE OF THE LIGURE-PIEMONTESE BASIN AND ITS TRANSITION TO THE ADRIA CONTINENTAL MARGIN (ITALY)
V. Bortolotti, L. Cortesogno, L.Gaggero, D. Lahondere, M. Marroni, Molli, A. Montanini, L. Pandolfi, G. Principi, P. Rossi, E. Saccani, B. Treves & R. Tribuzio
The Jurassic ophiolites of the Northern Apennines and Corsica probably represent one of the best-studied and most famous examples of oceanic lithosphere preserved in a collisional belt. Due to the lack of high-grade orogenic metamorphism, the Northern Apennine ophiolites as well as some sequences from Alpine Corsica (Balagne and Inzecca ophiolites) display well
preserved pre-orogenic features in which the oceanic processes can be fully observed. For a long time, these ophiolites have been used in comparisons with the other ophiolites, worldwide. In particular, the Northern Apennine and Corsica ophiolites are characterized by a "peculiar" and incomplete sequence, whose origin in a slow-spreading ridge or in a transform fault setting is still debated. In addition, recent advances in the study on the ophiolite sequences on the external side of the Northern Apennines have highlighted the occurrence of an association of mantle lherzolites, basalts, granites and granulites. This association is regarded as representative of the transition area from ocean to Adria continental margin. On the whole, the Northern Apennine ophiolites provide an exceptional opportunity for a geotraverse across a well-preserved fossil oceanic basin, i.e. the Ligure-Piemontese basin, up to the ocean-continent transition. This field trip proposed by the Working Group on Mediterranean Ophiolites (GLOM) will visit the Ligurian-Emilian Apennines and the island of  Corsica.

P30 - METALLOGENY IN SARDINIA (ITALY): FROM THE CAMBRIAN TO THE TERTIARY
A. Marcello, S. Pretti, P. Valera, M. Agus, M. Boni, M. Fiori, A. Marcello, S. Pretti, P. Valera, M. Agus, M. Boni & M. Fiori
The main aim of this trip will be the metallogeny of Sardinia in the context of the geology of this Italian island. Both the metallogeny and geology of this island display a long and complex history, developed from at least the Cambrian up to the Tertiary-Quaternary. The numerous and often commercially important mineralized bodies, which include metallic ores as well as industrial minerals and fuels, allowed the development of long-lived mining operations (which lasted as long as 150 years). A few mines continue to produce and several projects remain in progress, while some of the old mines have been included in a Geo-Mining Park sponsored by UNESCO. A number of characteristic mining sites will be visited, and also several beautiful natural views will be seen, along with numerous monuments, including the unique prehistorical fortresses (nuraghes) of Sardinia, and Roman churches.

P32 - VOLCANIC ACTIVITY AT MOUNT ETNA (SICILY)
R. Cristofolini
Mount Etna, one of the largest active volcanoes in the Mediterranean area, or indeed, in Europe, shows peculiar petrological and geochemical features, related to a very complex structural setting. Its activity is the basis of myths and legends from classical times and records of its eruptions date back to several centuries BC. The volcano is located in a densely populated area, at the boundary between a thinned crustal domain (Ionian Sea) and continental crust (Sicily), where large regional fault systems intersect each other, next to the front of the South-verging overthrust pile of the Apennine-Maghrebian mountain range. Its products range from basal tholeiites to members of a Na-alkaline series (mostly hawaiites - mugearites), that show evidence of an imprint from a calc-alkaline component. The volcanic sequence is composed of lava flows, air-fall and (scarce) pyroclastic flow deposits and lahars, erupted by distinct volcanic centers. The field trip will aim at providing an opportunity to discuss the diverse parameters that control the volcanological and petrological features of the volcano, and  associated hazard-related problems.

P33 - WINES OF BORDEAUX AND COGNAC: GEOLOGY OF THE VINEYARDS
R. Bourrouilh, M. Broquedis & G. Darne
Known from Roman times, celebrated by the Latin Poet Ausone, appreciated by the English during the Middle Ages, world - renowned today, the famous vineyards of Bordeaux and Cognac are largely found in Aquitaine, in a beautiful historical and cultural landscape. The field trip will examine the most typical geological sections, to establish the main characteristics of the vineyards: soils, source rocks, climate, cepages, how the vines are grown, differences between the wine districts, such as Medoc, Graves, Sauternes etc. Visits to several very well-known Châteaux will be made, involving also tasting and differentiation of wines. The history of Wines and Cognacs will be illustrated by visits to cellars, production plants and historical cities such as Bordeaux, Cognac, Saint Emilion. The field trip will also go to the Cognac district, visiting the famous Oyster area of Marennes-Oléron along the way.

P35 - PLIO-PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHIC AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE FORELAND-FOREDEEP-CHAIN SYSTEM IN SOUTHERN ITALY
P. Pieri, L. Sabato, M. Tropeano, S. Gallicchio, F. Loiacono & M. Schiattarella
This field trip will aim at demonstrating the Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the foreland-foredeep-chain system in Southern Italy. We will cross a complete geological section with well-exposed sedimentary sequences, from the inner side of the Apulian Foreland as far as the thrust sheets of the Apennines, through the foredeep (Bradanic Trough) and the coeval satellite Sant'Arcangelo Basin. The main topics will be the relationships between the stratigraphic architecture of the deposits and the pre-, syn- and post-depositional tectonics. Some amazing places of historical, prehistorical and geo-touristic importance included in natural parks will be visited (among them, the Sassi di Matera, an old hand-hewn rock town now a part of the UNESCO Patrimony; Metapontum, a Greek archeological settlement; the "Dolomiti lucane", a sharp, high ridge overlooking several villages).

P36 - PALEOGENE AND RECENT VOLCANISM IN THE EASTERN RHODOPES (BULGARIA), AND ON MILOS ISLAND (GREECE), AND RELATED INDUSTRIAL MINERALS
M. Fytikas, Y. Yanev, R. Ivanova, T. Iliev & S. Gier
In the Eastern Rhodope mountains, a huge and extended volcanism developed during the Paleogene. In Bulgarian territory, this field trip will focus on two points: a) different types of volcano-clastic products (ignimbrites, fall-out tuffs) and various volcanic massifs (domes, lava flows etc), b) their transformation by hydrothermal activity to industrial minerals (zeolites or bentonites) or by a quick cooling of the "border" lavas of the volcanic mass (perlites). In Milos, a typical volcanic arc island of Pliocene-Quaternary age, with a great variety of volcanic structures and products, we will visit a rhyolitic tuff ring with a diameter of 1,700 m, a gigantic pumice deposit, some great phreato-magmatic craters, spectacular lava-domes and flows, gigantic columnar dikes, numerous hydrothermal craters. A great variety of hydrothermal and industrial minerals was formed: bentonite, kaolin, barite, silica, alunite, sulphur, manganese, epithermal gold etc., together with an impressive geothermal field. A huge production activity exists, producing more than 1 million tonnes of bentonite and 500,000 tonnes of perlite yearly. We will visit some of the most important and interesting quarries.